Different Subgroups of Cholinergic Neurons in the Basal Forebrain Are Distinctly Innervated by the Olfactory Regions and Activated Differentially in Olfactory Memory Retrieval

COA (Cortical amygdalar area) MBA:631 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The cortical amygdalar area contained rabies-labelled neurons providing monosynaptic input to HMSc cholinergic cells.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Anterograde transsynaptic VSV injected into the olfactory bulb labelled basal forebrain neurons exclusively in the HMSc by 96 h, and about half of these VSV-positive cells were ChAT-immunoreactive (n = 4).

Figures 3D–H

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HIP (Hippocampal region) MBA:1080 synapses onto MSC (Medial septal complex) MBA:904 · Mouse

Monosynaptic rabies tracing from cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band complex showed the hippocampus as the dominant olfactory-system input, about 5.4% of whole-brain inputs and roughly 57% of the olfactory input.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto ENTl (Entorhinal area, lateral part) MBA:918 · Mouse

Lateral entorhinal cortex neurons were VSV-labelled 96 h after anterograde virus injection into the olfactory bulb.

Figure 3D (96 h)

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto MSC (Medial septal complex) MBA:904 · Mouse

After anterograde VSV injection into the olfactory bulb, no dsRed-positive neurons were found in the medial septum/diagonal band complex.

Figures 3D,E

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto LC (Locus ceruleus) MBA:147 · Mouse

Locus coeruleus neurons were labelled after anterograde VSV injection into the olfactory bulb, sparsely at 72 h and more abundantly at 96 h.

Figures 3C,D

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TT (Taenia tecta) MBA:589 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Taenia tecta neurons were labelled as monosynaptic inputs to HMSc cholinergic neurons.

Figures 2B,C

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AON (Anterior olfactory nucleus) MBA:159 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Monosynaptic rabies tracing from HMSc cholinergic neurons labelled presynaptic cells in the anterior olfactory nucleus.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto MSC (Medial septal complex) MBA:904 · Mouse

Rabies tracing from cholinergic neurons of the medial septum/diagonal band complex revealed no olfactory bulb input; the authors state the bulb projects only to HMSc among the three cholinergic subgroups.

Figures 2B,C; Results, VSV section

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PIR (Piriform area) MBA:961 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The piriform cortex was the largest olfactory source of monosynaptic input to HMSc cholinergic neurons, accounting for about 14% of all whole-brain rabies-labelled neurons and roughly 41% of the olfactory input.

Figures 2B,C

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AAA (Anterior amygdalar area) MBA:23 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The anterior amygdaloid area provided monosynaptic rabies-traced input to HMSc cholinergic neurons.

Figures 2B,C

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DP (Dorsal peduncular area) MBA:814 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The dorsal peduncular area contained rabies-labelled neurons presynaptic to HMSc cholinergic cells.

Figures 2B,C

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BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Basolateral amygdala neurons were retrogradely labelled from cholinergic starter cells in the HMSc.

Figures 2B,C; Abstract

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RHP (Retrohippocampal region) MBA:822 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Rabies tracing from HMSc cholinergic starter cells labelled neurons in the retrohippocampal region, including entorhinal cortex.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto SI (Substantia innominata) MBA:342 · Mouse

No olfactory bulb neurons were retrogradely labelled from cholinergic starter cells in the nucleus basalis complex.

Figures 2B,C; Results, VSV section

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CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus) MBA:536 synapses onto SI (Substantia innominata) MBA:342 · Mouse

Cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis complex (NBM plus dorsal SI) received their main olfactory-system input from the central amygdala, about 13% of whole-brain rabies-labelled neurons and roughly 71% of the olfactory input.

Figures 2B,C

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CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus) MBA:536 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Central amygdala neurons were labelled as presynaptic partners of HMSc cholinergic neurons, though this input was much smaller than for NBMc.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto AOB (Accessory olfactory bulb) MBA:151 · Mouse

By 96 h after olfactory bulb VSV injection, labelled neurons were present in the accessory olfactory bulb.

Figure 3D (96 h)

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OT (Olfactory tubercle) MBA:754 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The olfactory tubercle was among the 13 olfactory areas containing rabies-labelled input neurons to HMSc cholinergic cells.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Cre-dependent monosynaptic rabies tracing from cholinergic starter cells in the HMSc (medial/caudal HDB, MCPO, ventral SI) labelled input neurons in the olfactory bulb, whereas no bulb input was seen for the other two cholinergic subgroups.

Figures 2B,C; Supplementary Table S2

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto AON (Anterior olfactory nucleus) MBA:159 · Mouse

By 72 h after anterograde VSV injection into the olfactory bulb, a small number of labelled neurons appeared in the anterior olfactory nucleus.

Figure 3C (72 h)

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto SI (Substantia innominata) MBA:342 · Mouse

Anterograde VSV from the olfactory bulb produced no labelled neurons in the nucleus basalis complex (dorsal SI and NBM).

Figures 3D,E

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto LDT (Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus) MBA:162 · Mouse

Laterodorsal tegmental neurons were labelled by 96 h after anterograde VSV injection into the olfactory bulb.

Figure 3D (96 h)

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PAA (Piriform-amygdalar area) MBA:788 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

The piriform-amygdalar area contained neurons retrogradely labelled from HMSc cholinergic starter cells.

Figures 2B,C

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MOB (Main olfactory bulb) MBA:507 synapses onto PIR (Piriform area) MBA:961 · Mouse

Anterograde VSV spread from the olfactory bulb labelled few piriform cortex neurons at 72 h and more by 96 h.

Figures 3C,D

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HIP (Hippocampal region) MBA:1080 synapses onto PALv (Pallidum, ventral region) MBA:835 · Mouse

Hippocampal neurons were retrogradely labelled by monosynaptic rabies tracing from HMSc cholinergic neurons, making up about 5.6% of whole-brain inputs and roughly 16% of the olfactory input.

Figures 2B,C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.