Whole-brain input organization of Kremen1-positive striatal spiny projection neurons revealed by monosynaptic rabies tracing

ILM (Intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:51 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The intralaminar thalamic nuclei were a major thalamic input source to Kremen1+ SPNs, significantly exceeding the ventral motor and anterior nuclei.

Fig. 4B, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MB (Midbrain) MBA:313 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The midbrain contributed a small share of rabies-labelled presynaptic neurons, about 1% of inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 2C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SNr (Substantia nigra, reticular part) MBA:381 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

SNr was the next-largest source after GPe and was relatively prominent among contralateral inputs.

Fig. 6B, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

GPe (Globus pallidus, external segment) MBA:1022 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Among basal ganglia and midbrain nuclei, GPe contributed the largest share of rabies-labelled inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus) MBA:536 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

CEA provided rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs, ranking after BLA and BMA.

Fig. 5B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Within motor cortex, MOs provided much more rabies-labelled input than MOp, mainly from layer 5 and mostly ipsilaterally.

Fig. 3C, D

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ACA (Anterior cingulate area) MBA:31 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The anterior cingulate area supplied substantial rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MO (Somatomotor areas) MBA:500 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Motor cortex was one of the two dominant cortical sources of rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ATN (Anterior group of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:239 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The anterior thalamic group was among the top five thalamic input sources to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 4B, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

AUD (Auditory areas) MBA:247 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Auditory cortex provided relatively minor rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VTA (Ventral tegmental area) MBA:749 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The VTA contained rabies-labelled input neurons presynaptic to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SS (Somatosensory areas) MBA:453 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Somatosensory cortex, together with motor cortex, was a dominant cortical source of presynaptic neurons labelled from Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

STN (Subthalamic nucleus) MBA:470 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The STN provided comparatively small rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PO (Posterior complex of the thalamus) MBA:1020 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The sensory-related posterior thalamic complex provided comparatively minor input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 4B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SNc (Substantia nigra, compact part) MBA:374 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Rabies-labelled presynaptic neurons were found in SNc, a dopaminergic nucleus, providing input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

BMA (Basomedial amygdalar nucleus) MBA:319 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

BMA contained rabies-labelled input neurons, fewer than BLA.

Fig. 5B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CTX (Cerebral cortex) MBA:688 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Monosynaptic rabies tracing from Kremen1-Cre striatal starter cells showed that the cortex supplied most of the brain-wide presynaptic input neurons, about 85%, with a strong ipsilateral bias.

Fig. 2C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VP (Ventral posterior complex of the thalamus) MBA:709 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The ventral posterior thalamic nuclei contributed only comparatively minor rabies-labelled input.

Fig. 4B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MOp5 (Primary motor area, Layer 5) MBA:648 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

In MOp, rabies-labelled inputs were concentrated in layer 5 significantly more than in other layers, ipsilaterally and contralaterally.

Fig. 3D

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MTN (Midline group of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:571 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The midline thalamic nuclei contained rabies-labelled inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 4B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

TH (Thalamus) MBA:549 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The thalamus was the second-largest source of rabies-labelled inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs, about 10% of the total.

Fig. 2C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MED (Medial group of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:444 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The thalamic medial group was one of the two major thalamic sources of rabies-labelled input, significantly exceeding VM, ATN and VAL.

Fig. 4B, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ORB (Orbital area) MBA:714 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Orbital cortex contained rabies-labelled input neurons presynaptic to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

MOp contained rabies-labelled input neurons, concentrated in layer 5 in both hemispheres, though fewer than MOs.

Fig. 3C, D

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus) MBA:1052 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Rabies-labelled neurons were found in the PPN, which contributed relatively more of the contralateral basal ganglia and midbrain inputs.

Fig. 6A, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VAL (Ventral anterior-lateral complex of the thalamus) MBA:629 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The motor-related VAL complex of the thalamus provided additional monosynaptic input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 4B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VIS (Visual areas) MBA:669 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Visual cortex contributed only a relatively minor share of cortical inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

BLA was the predominant amygdala source of monosynaptic input to Kremen1+ SPNs in both hemispheres, significantly exceeding BMA and CEA.

Fig. 5B, C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PL (Prelimbic area) MBA:972 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Prelimbic cortex was among the prefrontal regions that provided substantial monosynaptic input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

AI (Agranular insular area) MBA:95 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The agranular insular area provided substantial rabies-labelled input to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 3B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VM (Ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus) MBA:685 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

The ventral medial thalamic nucleus contributed additional rabies-labelled inputs to Kremen1+ SPNs.

Fig. 4B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MOs5 (Secondary motor area, layer 5) MBA:767 synapses onto STRd (Striatum dorsal region) MBA:485 · Mouse

Laminar analysis showed that input neurons in MOs were significantly enriched in layer 5 relative to other layers in both hemispheres.

Fig. 3D

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.