Specific and comprehensive genetic targeting reveals brain-wide distribution and synaptic input patterns of GABAergic axo-axonic interneurons

ENT (Entorhinal area) MBA:909 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Entorhinal cortex was a major input source to CA1 axo-axonic cells in rabies tracing.

Fig. 8c,e,n

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TEa (Temporal association areas) MBA:541 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Temporal association cortex neurons were labelled as inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8n-p

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MS (Medial septal nucleus) MBA:564 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Medial septum neurons were labelled as minor inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8d-k

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PERI (Perirhinal area) MBA:922 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Perirhinal cortex neurons were among the inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8e

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MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 synapses onto MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 · Mouse

Secondary motor cortex neurons were labelled as monosynaptic inputs to MOp chandelier cells.

Fig. 7f

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ECT (Ectorhinal area) MBA:895 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Ectorhinal cortex neurons were labelled as minor inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c

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SSs (Supplemental somatosensory area) MBA:378 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Supplemental somatosensory cortex neurons were labelled as inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8e

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GPe (Globus pallidus, external segment) MBA:1022 synapses onto SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 · Mouse

Sparse GPe neurons were labelled as inputs to Pvalb interneurons in SSp.

Fig. 7g; Results

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ATN (Anterior group of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:239 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Thalamic inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells were mostly in the anterior group of the dorsal thalamus.

Fig. 8o

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SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Primary somatosensory cortex neurons were labelled as inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8e

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RSP (Retrosplenial area) MBA:254 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Retrosplenial cortex neurons were labelled as inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8e,l-p

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GPe (Globus pallidus, external segment) MBA:1022 synapses onto MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 · Mouse

Sparse GPe neurons were labelled as inputs to Pvalb interneurons in MOp.

Fig. 7f; Results

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MEZ (Hypothalamic medial zone) MBA:467 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Medial hypothalamic zone input cells to BLA axo-axonic cells co-expressed vGLUT2, marking them as excitatory.

Fig. 9j,o

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GPe (Globus pallidus, external segment) MBA:1022 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

GPe input cells to BLA axo-axonic cells were GABAergic by vGAT FISH or GABA immunostaining.

Fig. 9k-n

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MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 synapses onto SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 · Mouse

MOp neurons provided inputs to SSp chandelier cells.

Fig. 7g

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VPM (Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus) MBA:733 synapses onto SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 · Mouse

Thalamic inputs to SSp chandelier cells came mostly from the ventral posteromedial nucleus.

Fig. 7g; Results

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LZ (Hypothalamic lateral zone) MBA:290 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Lateral hypothalamic zone input cells to BLA axo-axonic cells were vGLUT2-positive, indicating glutamatergic inputs.

Fig. 9j,o

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MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 synapses onto MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 · Mouse

Rabies tracing from chandelier cells in MOs found the primary motor area to be the largest long-range input source.

Fig. 7e; Results, monosynaptic input tracing to AACs in sensorimotor cortex

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 synapses onto MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 · Mouse

Long-range rabies-labelled inputs to MOp chandelier cells were dominated by primary somatosensory cortex.

Fig. 7f

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SSs (Supplemental somatosensory area) MBA:378 synapses onto MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 · Mouse

Supplemental somatosensory cortex neurons provided inputs to MOp chandelier cells.

Fig. 7f

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

EP (Endopiriform nucleus) MBA:942 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Endopiriform nucleus, grouped with cortical subplate sources, contained input cells to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

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BMA (Basomedial amygdalar nucleus) MBA:319 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Basomedial amygdala neurons were labelled as inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SUB (Subiculum) MBA:502 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Ventral subiculum neurons were labelled as strong inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,i

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SSs (Supplemental somatosensory area) MBA:378 synapses onto SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 · Mouse

Supplemental somatosensory cortex was the largest long-range input source to SSp chandelier cells.

Fig. 7g

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VIS (Visual areas) MBA:669 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Visual cortex neurons were among the cortical inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8e,l-p

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

TR (Postpiriform transition area) MBA:566 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Postpiriform transition area neurons were among the next-strongest inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CEA (Central amygdalar nucleus) MBA:536 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Central amygdala neurons were labelled as monosynaptic inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CP (Caudoputamen) MBA:672 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Caudoputamen input cells labelled from BLA axo-axonic cells were identified as GABAergic.

Fig. 9k-n

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MTN (Midline group of the dorsal thalamus) MBA:571 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Thalamic inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells came mainly from the midline group of the dorsal thalamus.

Fig. 9c,f

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 synapses onto MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 · Mouse

Primary somatosensory cortex provided a substantial share of rabies-labelled inputs to MOs chandelier cells.

Fig. 7e

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AUD (Auditory areas) MBA:247 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Auditory cortex neurons provided input to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8n-p

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AI (Agranular insular area) MBA:95 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Agranular insular cortex neurons were among the minor cortical inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

NDB (Diagonal band nucleus) MBA:596 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

The diagonal band nucleus supplied minor input to CA1 axo-axonic cells, over twice that from medial septum; labelled septal/diagonal band inputs were partly vGAT+ and partly ChAT+.

Fig. 8d-k

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SUB (Subiculum) MBA:502 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Subiculum neurons provided strong input to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8c,e

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 synapses onto SSp (Primary somatosensory area) MBA:322 · Mouse

MOs neurons were labelled as monosynaptic inputs to SSp chandelier cells.

Fig. 7g

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SSs (Supplemental somatosensory area) MBA:378 synapses onto MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 · Mouse

Supplemental somatosensory cortex neurons were labelled as inputs to MOs chandelier cells.

Fig. 7e

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PAA (Piriform-amygdalar area) MBA:788 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Piriform-amygdalar area neurons provided input to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

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CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

CA1 neurons were strongly labelled as inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,h

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CA3 (Field CA3) MBA:463 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Monosynaptic rabies tracing from CA1 axo-axonic cells labelled many contralateral CA3 neurons.

Fig. 8c,e

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

COA (Cortical amygdalar area) MBA:631 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Cortical amygdala neurons were labelled as inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

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PERI (Perirhinal area) MBA:922 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Perirhinal cortex neurons were labelled as minor inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c

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LA (Lateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:131 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Lateral amygdala neurons provided input to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,d

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VAL (Ventral anterior-lateral complex of the thalamus) MBA:629 synapses onto MOp (Primary motor area) MBA:985 · Mouse

Thalamocortical inputs to MOp chandelier cells came mostly from VAL.

Fig. 7f; Results

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PIR (Piriform area) MBA:961 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Piriform cortex was the largest input source labelled by rabies tracing from BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,e

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ENT (Entorhinal area) MBA:909 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Entorhinal cortex provided one of the strongest inputs to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c,h

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SI (Substantia innominata) MBA:342 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Rabies-labelled input cells to BLA axo-axonic cells were found in the substantia innominata.

Fig. 9g

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AUD (Auditory areas) MBA:247 synapses onto BLA (Basolateral amygdalar nucleus) MBA:295 · Mouse

Auditory cortex neurons provided minor input to BLA axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 9c

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

DG (Dentate gyrus) MBA:726 synapses onto CA1 (Field CA1) MBA:382 · Mouse

Ipsilateral dentate gyrus neurons were labelled as inputs to CA1 axo-axonic cells.

Fig. 8c

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GPe (Globus pallidus, external segment) MBA:1022 synapses onto MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 · Mouse

Rabies tracing from Pvalb;Nkx2.1 interneurons in MOs also labelled sparse GPe input cells.

Fig. 7e; Results

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VAL (Ventral anterior-lateral complex of the thalamus) MBA:629 synapses onto MOs (Secondary motor area) MBA:993 · Mouse

Thalamic inputs to MOs chandelier cells came mainly from the ventral anterior-lateral complex.

Fig. 7e; Results

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.