The supramammillary nucleus and the claustrum activate the cortex during REM sleep

PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus) UBERON:0002142 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

The pedunculopontine nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the dentate gyrus tracer injection. Few or none were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LDT (Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus) UBERON:0002267 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the anterior cingulate tracer injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LHA (Lateral hypothalamic area) UBERON:0002430 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

The lateral hypothalamic area contained retrogradely labeled cells after the anterior cingulate fluorogold injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'; Fig. 5J

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LHA (Lateral hypothalamic area) UBERON:0002430 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

The lateral hypothalamic area contained retrogradely labeled cells after the dentate gyrus tracer injection. Few or none of them were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'; Fig. 5J

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CLA (Claustrum) UBERON:0002023 projects to RSP (Retrosplenial area) UBERON:0013531 · Rat

After CTb was injected into the retrosplenial cortex, the claustrum was the only region with a substantial number of retrogradely labeled FOS-positive cells (about 18.5).

Fig. 5G, I, J; table S5

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus) UBERON:0002142 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

The pedunculopontine nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the anterior cingulate tracer injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LHA (Lateral hypothalamic area) UBERON:0002430 projects to RSP (Retrosplenial area) UBERON:0013531 · Rat

The lateral hypothalamic area contained retrogradely labeled cells after the retrosplenial CTb injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'; Fig. 5J

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SUM (Supramammillary nucleus) UBERON:0001940 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

CTb injected into the dentate gyrus retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral supramammillary nucleus. It was the only structure with a substantial number of double-labeled cells (about 10.6 CTb+/FOS+ per rat) after REM sleep hypersomnia.

Fig. 5A, B, J; table S4

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SUM (Supramammillary nucleus) UBERON:0001940 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

After CTb was injected into the supramammillary nucleus, many anterogradely labeled fibers were seen in the dentate gyrus close to FOS-positive neurons in REM sleep hypersomniac rats.

Fig. 5K

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LDT (Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus) UBERON:0002267 projects to RSP (Retrosplenial area) UBERON:0013531 · Rat

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the retrosplenial tracer injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

MS (Medial septal nucleus) UBERON:0001877 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

A dentate gyrus CTb injection produced many retrogradely labeled neurons in the medial septum. These neurons did not express FOS after REM sleep hypersomnia.

Fig. 5C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

SUM (Supramammillary nucleus) UBERON:0001940 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

A fluorogold injection in the anterior cingulate cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral supramammillary nucleus. A small number of these were FOS-positive (about 7.6 double-labeled cells).

Fig. 5E, J; table S5

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PPN (Pedunculopontine nucleus) UBERON:0002142 projects to RSP (Retrosplenial area) UBERON:0013531 · Rat

The pedunculopontine nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the retrosplenial tracer injection. Few were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

TH (Thalamus) UBERON:0001897 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

Thalamic nuclei contained retrogradely labeled cells after a fluorogold injection in the anterior cingulate cortex. Only a few of these cells were FOS-positive.

Fig. 5H, J

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

CLA (Claustrum) UBERON:0002023 projects to ACA (Anterior cingulate area) UBERON:0009835 · Rat

Fluorogold injected into the anterior cingulate cortex labeled many claustral neurons. Many of these were also FOS-positive after REM sleep hypersomnia (about 71 double-labeled cells).

Fig. 5D, F, J; table S5

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

TH (Thalamus) UBERON:0001897 projects to RSP (Retrosplenial area) UBERON:0013531 · Rat

A retrosplenial CTb injection produced many CTb-labeled cells in thalamic nuclei. These cells did not express FOS after REM sleep hypersomnia.

Fig. 5H, J

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

LDT (Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus) UBERON:0002267 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus contained retrogradely labeled cells after the dentate gyrus tracer injection. Few or none were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

TH (Thalamus) UBERON:0001897 projects to DG (Dentate gyrus) UBERON:0001885 · Rat

After every tracer injection, including the dentate gyrus, thalamic nuclei contained retrogradely labeled cells. Few or none of them were FOS-positive.

Results, 'Subcortical structures activating the cortex during REM sleep'

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.