Relative Number and Distribution of Murine Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Innervating Distinct Target Sites

PH (Posterior hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:946 projects to VTA (Ventral tegmental area) MBA:749 · Mouse

A CTB injection in the VTA heavily labeled cell bodies in the posterior hypothalamus.

Fig. 3

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to CH (Cerebrum) MBA:567 · Mouse

CTB injected into the amygdala labeled a modest number of arcuate cells, including POMC neurons. Contralateral labeling was significantly lower, and labeled cells were spread evenly along the arcuate.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to MY (Medulla) MBA:354 · Mouse

CTB injected into the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus or wider dorsal vagal complex labeled very few arcuate cells, but 46% of those were POMC neurons. They were concentrated significantly in the rostral arcuate.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B, Table 1

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to CTX (Cerebral cortex) MBA:688 · Mouse

Off-target CTB injections into the cortex did not label any POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus.

Results, control experiments

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to PAG (Periaqueductal gray) MBA:795 · Mouse

CTB injected into the PAG labeled many arcuate cells, including POMC neurons. The labeled POMC neurons tended to lie in the rostral arcuate, though this bias was not significant.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

PA (Posterior amygdalar nucleus) MBA:780 projects to STR (Striatum) MBA:477 · Mouse

A CTB injection that landed in the nucleus accumbens/caudate-putamen, rostral to the intended BST target, labeled cells in the anterolateral amygdalohippocampal area.

Fig. 1C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

HY (Hypothalamus) MBA:1097 projects to VTA (Ventral tegmental area) MBA:749 · Mouse

After CTB injection into the VTA, cells in the preoptic area were heavily labeled.

Fig. 3

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to ACB (Nucleus accumbens) MBA:56 · Mouse

CTB injected into parts of the striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, labeled no arcuate POMC cells. In the example shown, no arcuate cells were labeled at all.

Results, control experiments; Fig. 1C

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to SO (Supraoptic nucleus) MBA:390 · Mouse

CTB injected into the SON of POMC-DsRed mice labeled arcuate cells on both sides, including some POMC neurons. This target gave the largest total number of labeled arcuate cells of any site tested.

Fig. 4A-C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to BST (Bed nuclei of the stria terminalis) MBA:351 · Mouse

CTB injected into the BST labeled a modest number of arcuate cells, including POMC neurons. Fewer labeled POMC cells were found in the rostral arcuate than in mid and caudal parts.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to LHA (Lateral hypothalamic area) MBA:194 · Mouse

CTB in the lateral hypothalamus labeled many arcuate cells, including POMC neurons. The labeled POMC neurons were spread evenly from rostral to caudal arcuate.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to VTA (Ventral tegmental area) MBA:749 · Mouse

Both CTB and fluorescent microspheres injected into the VTA retrogradely labeled arcuate POMC neurons, about 5-6% of them. Contralateral labeling was significantly lower than ipsilateral, and labeled cells were distributed evenly along the arcuate.

Fig. 1A-B, Fig. 3, Fig. 4C, Fig. 5B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) disagrees. “The significantly lower contralateral VTA labeling applies to total CTB cells; the percent of POMC cells labeled did not differ between sides.”

ARH (Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:223 projects to PVH (Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:38 · Mouse

CTB injections into the PVN labeled many arcuate cells, a small share of them POMC-DsRed neurons. POMC labeling was similar on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides.

Fig. 4C, Fig. 5A-B, Fig. 6B

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.

VMH (Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus) MBA:693 projects to VTA (Ventral tegmental area) MBA:749 · Mouse

CTB injected into the VTA produced heavy retrograde labeling of cells in the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Fig. 3

Made by an AI model reading the paper (claude-opus-5-5, extract@0.3.0); a second AI model (claude-opus-5-5) agrees.